There are twelve principles of value used to determine highest and best use and to establish value (they will be covered in detail in Valuation Concepts):

1. Anticipation: the anticipated future benefits to be derived from the property.

2. Balance: the equilibrium reached in a free market when complementary uses of neighboring property permit maximum value for individual properties and the neighborhood.

3. Change: the continuing effects of economic, social, and governmental forces on the property and its environment, resulting in continuous change in market value which must be anticipated.

4. Competition: the tendency of a highly profitable use to be duplicated by others until an excess supply of similar goods and services reduces profitability, and thus value.

5. Conformity: the creation of maximum market value through a reasonable degree of similarity of property use, appearance, and owner demographics.

6. Consistent Use: the requirement to value all aspects of a property: land, improvements, and personal property on the basis of a single class of usage at any given point in time.

7. Contribution: the incremental amount of value contributed to the total value of a property by any given component, as opposed to the actual cost of the component.

8. Demand: the amount of a commodity, good or service that would be purchased at various prices during a specific period.

9. Substitution: the market value of a property is affected by the cost of obtaining an equally desirable and valuable property as a substitute.

10. Supply: the amount of a commodity, good or service that would be offered for sale at various prices during a specific period.

11. Surplus Productivity: the net real property income after the costs of labor, capital, and management have been paid.

12. Variable Proportions: When the quantity of one productive service is increased in equal increments, while the quantities of other productive services remain fixed, the resulting increment of product will decrease after a certain point.