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Items of Interest |
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Frequent Questions |
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Data Collection and Analysis
The appraisal process requires three types of data:
General data, which affect values on national, state/regional, or neighborhood
levels.
Specific data, about the site, title, and improvements of the property.
Comparative data, which regards recent sales, cost, and income information
for similar properties.
General Data may include:
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Trends in business cycles, the economy, financing options, population, price levels,
building costs, purchasing power and tax rates.
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Physical factors affecting value. The most important of these is location; others
are size, topography, appearance, lot size/shape, street pattern, soil and subsoil
conditions, drainage, hazards, climate, utilities, nuisances, conformity of improvements,
and proximity to supporting facilities.
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Economic factors such as population levels, balance of land use, vacant land, new
construction, price and rent levels, vacancy rates, lender attitudes, utility costs,
insurance rates, wage levels, and transportation systems.
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Governmental factors such as municipal services, planning and zoning, building codes,
development regulations, taxes, special assessments, and services.
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Social factors such as population density, crime rate, income levels, labor supply
and skill levels, and cultural activities available.
The economic and general background information needed for development of an accurate
property tax appraisal may often be beyond the resources of a county assessor's
staff. The use of the computer has increased availability of historical and statistical
data related to appraisals. Statistical analysis of large amounts of data using
techniques like multiple regression analysis permit the development of valuation
factors which can substitute for some of the data described above.
Specific Data may include:
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Ownership data, including owner's identity, type of ownership (warranty deed, titling
information, etc.) easements or encroachments, zoning regulations, assessed value
and taxes, and deed restrictions and covenants.
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Site information, including a description of the land(size, shape, topography, and
location) and public improvements (paving, walks, curbs, sewers, utilities). Corner
influence, building orientation, accessibility of the site, and any advertising
value offered by the site are also considered. Data collected for an industrial
or commercial property may be very different from that needed to appraise a single-family
residence.
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Improvement information such as the size, quality and condition of all buildings
and physical improvements, along with an analysis of their layout, style, and design.
A clear statement about the current use of the property should also be included.
If multiple uses exist, they should be noted and documented as carefully as possible.
Comparative Data may include:
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Cost data, which may be obtained through developers and general contractors. Many
governments use Marshall Swift a private firm that studies and develops costs for
markets across the country. The cost data may also be used as historical cost for
individual properties and as a basis for developing up-to-date factor tables to
make historical costs current.
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Sales data, which is collected and basic adjustments are developed, such as time
and location, as well as adjustments for different property characteristics. As
a result, benchmark properties for comparison purposes are established.
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Income data, which is gathered from income and expense statements. The assessor
may develop economic rents, vacancy and collection loss allowances, discount, effective
tax and recapture rates.
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